On September 25-26, 2026, a group of scholars and military officers gathered at the University of Toronto to diagnose the crisis and prospects facing European defense and collective security. How should Europeans respond to American retreat and Russian aggression? Is NATO an adaptable alliance or is it becoming obsolete? Is the call to rearmament transforming the European Union? And what are the challenges and opportunities of deepened defense cooperation between the EU and Canada? In this debate section, participants of the workshop and ECSA-C members share their views on the pressing challenges following what Prime Minister Mark Carney evocatively described as a "rupture" in the rules-based international order.

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